Supplementation with Jatobá-do-cerrado flour (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) decreases hypothalamic inflammation and improves obesity parameters in rats on a high-fat diet.

To evaluate the impact of jatobá-do-cerrado flour on nutritional, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers, an study was conducted using male Wistar rats. These animals were allocated into four groups: a standard diet (Control), a high-fat diet (HFD), a diet with jatobá-do-cerrado flour (JCF), and a combination of high-fat diet and jatobá-do-cerrado flour (HFD + JCF). Comprehensive evaluations included food intake, cytokine concentrations, and redox status indicators. HFD group exhibited increased caloric intake and fat mass, elevated circulating IL-6, and heightened lipid peroxidation markers. This group also showed increased hypothalamic concentrations of IL-6, TNFα, and lipid peroxidation. In contrast, the HFD + JCF group showed reduced caloric intake, fat mass, and improvements in redox balance and inflammatory markers both in the blood and hypothalamus. SUMMARY: In the current study, we evaluated the potential of Jatobá-do-cerrado flour in mitigating the effects of a high-fat diet in adult Wistar rats. The addition of fat to the animals' diet for 63 days induced obesity, dyslipidemia, as well as an increase in inflammatory and lipid peroxidation markers, both in the blood and hypothalamus. Conversely, supplementation with Jatobá-do-Cerrado flour showed anti-obesogenic effects and these may be associated with the reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, supplementation with this flour has the potential to be a functional food for the treatment or prevention of obesity.

High-intensity interval training improves long-term memory and increases hippocampal antioxidant activity and BDNF levels in ovariectomized Wistar rats.

Menopause is the period in which women cease to produce the hormone estrogen, which can trigger physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. In this context, alternatives are needed that can reduce the effects provided by menopause, specifically in terms of cognitive and behavioral aspects. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise protocol that has shown the potential to improve cognition by promoting an increase in antioxidant defenses and BDNF levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HIIT on behavior and hippocampal neurochemistry in ovariectomized adult rats. Four groups of rats were divided into: females without ovariectomy surgery and sedentary (SHAM-SED); females with ovariectomy surgery and sedentary (OVX-SED); females without ovariectomy surgery and trained (SHAM-HIIT); females with ovariectomy surgery and trained (OVX-HIIT). After the surgical procedure and the HIIT protocol, the animals underwent anxiety (elevated plus maze and open field) and memory (novel object recognition) tests. Corticosterone was measured in blood and BDNF levels and redox status were evaluated in the hippocampus. The OVX-SED group showed low BDNF levels and antioxidant enzymes, which may be linked to the observed memory impairments. The HIIT protocol (SHAM-HIIT and OVX-HIIT groups) increased the BDNF levels and antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus, improving the animals' memory. However, HIIT also led to increased plasma corticosterone and anxiety-like behaviors. The ovariectomy procedure induced memory impairment probably due to reductions in hippocampal BDNF levels and redox imbalance. The HIIT protocol demonstrates promising results as an alternative to improve memory in ovariectomized rats.

Prenatal LPS exposure increases hippocampus IL-10 and prevents short-term memory loss in the male adolescent offspring of high-fat diet fed dams.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance can reduce the neuroinflammation caused by high fat maternal diets; however, there are no reports that have evaluated the effects of prenatal LPS exposure on the memories of the offspring of high-fat diet fed dams. This study evaluated the effects of prenatal LPS exposure on the inflammatory parameters and redox status in the brain, as well as the object recognition memory of adolescent offspring of Wistar rat dams that were treated with a high-fat diet during gestation and lactation. Female pregnant Wistar rats randomly received a standard diet (17.5% fat) or a high-fat diet (45.0% fat) during gestation and lactation. On gestation days 8, 10, and 12, half of the females in each group were intraperitoneally treated with LPS (0.1 mg.kg-1). After weaning, the male offspring were placed in cages in standard conditions, and at 6 weeks old, animals underwent the novel object recognition test (for short- and long-term memory). The offspring of the high-fat diet fed dams showed increased hippocampus IL-6 levels (21-days-old) and impaired short-term memories. These effects were avoided in the offspring of high-fat diet fed dams submitted to prenatal LPS exposure, which showed greater hippocampus IL-10 levels (at 21- and 50-days-old), increased antioxidant activity (50-days-old) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, without memory impairments (short- and long-term memory). IL-6 has been consistently implicated in memory deficits and as an endogenous mechanism for limiting plasticity, while IL-10 regulates glial activation and has a strong association with improvements in cognitive function. Prenatal LPS exposure preventing the increase of IL-6 in the hippocampus and the impairment to short-term object recognition memory caused by the high-fat maternal diet.

LPS tolerance prevents anxiety-like behavior and amygdala inflammation of high-fat-fed dams' adolescent offspring.

Maternal high-fat diets (HFD) can generate inflammation in the offspring's amygdala, which can lead to anxiety-like behaviors. Conversely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance can reduce neuroinflammation in the offspring caused by maternal high-fat diets. This study evaluated the combination of LPS tolerance and high-fat maternal diet on amygdala's inflammatory parameters and the anxiety-like behavior in adolescent offspring. Female pregnant Wistar rats received randomly a standard diet or a high-fat diet during gestation and lactation. On gestation days 8, 10, and 12, half of the females in each group were intraperitonially injected with LPS (0.1 mg.kg-1). After weaning, the male offspring (n = 96) were placed in individual boxes in standard conditions, and when 6 weeks-old, the animals underwent: Open-Field, Light/Dark Box, Elevated Plus-Maze, and Rotarod tests. When 50 days-old the offspring were euthanized and the amygdala removed for cytokine and redox status analysis. The offspring in the HFD group showed lower amygdala IL-10 levels, high IL-6/IL-10 ratio, and anxiety-like behaviors. These effects were attenuated in the HFD offspring submitted to LPS tolerance, which showed an anti-inflammatory compensatory response in the amygdala. Also, this group showed a higher activity of the enzyme catalase in the amygdala. In addition, receiving the combination of LPS tolerance and maternal HFD did not lead to anxiety-like behavior in the offspring. The results suggest that LPS tolerance attenuated amygdala inflammation through an anti-inflammatory compensatory response besides preventing anxiety-like behavior caused by the high-fat maternal diet.

Caloric restriction or cafeteria diet from birth to adulthood increases the sensitivity to ephedrine in anxiety and locomotion in Wistar rats.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity and undernutrition, consequences of malnutrition, have been linked to the development of mental illnesses. Both states have been linked to increased sensitivity to some drugs, but there are few data for this association considering drugs with noradrenergic-dopaminergic action. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of animals treated with either a caloric restriction (CR) or cafeteria (CAF) diet from birth and their behavior after ephedrine application. METHODS: During the lactation period, 12 litters of Wistar rats (dam + 8 pups) were fed one of three diets: control (n = 4), CR (n = 4), and CAF (n = 4). After weaning, the males were placed in individual boxes and received the same diet as their respective dams. Nutritional assessments were performed after weaning and in adulthood. In adulthood, males received either saline or ephedrine (20 mg/kg) and underwent behavioral tests including the elevated plus-maze, open-field, and food intake tests. RESULTS: The CR group exhibited higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and lower food and caloric intake, weight gain, and fat mass than the control group. The CAF group exhibited lower food intake and higher fat caloric intake, fat mass, and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and hepatic lipid levels than the control group. These results indicated that the CR and CAF groups had developed undernutrition and obesity, respectively. In the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests, the CR and CAF groups showed lower anxiety-like behaviors than the control group after ephedrine application. This result indicates that the animal's nutritional status (undernutrition or obesity) can enhance ephedrine sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The CR group exhibited undernutrition, whereas the CAF group exhibited obesity. Ephedrine altered anxiety and locomotion in animals that received the CR and CAF diets in manner different than that observed in animals receiving the standard diet.

High-Salt Diet in the Pre- and Postweaning Periods Leads to Amygdala Oxidative Stress and Changes in Locomotion and Anxiety-Like Behaviors of Male Wistar Rats.

High-salt (HS) diets have recently been linked to oxidative stress in the brain, a fact that may be a precursor to behavioral changes, such as those involving anxiety-like behavior. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the amygdala redox status after consuming a HS diet in the pre- or postweaning periods. This study aimed to evaluate the amygdala redox status and anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood, after inclusion of HS diet in two periods: preconception, gestation, and lactation (preweaning); and only after weaning (postweaning). Initially, 18 females and 9 male Wistar rats received a standard (n = 9 females and 4 males) or a HS diet (n = 9 females and 5 males) for 120 days. After mating, females continued to receive the aforementioned diets during gestation and lactation. Weaning occurred at 21-day-old Wistar rats and the male offspring were subdivided: control-control (C-C)-offspring of standard diet fed dams who received a standard diet after weaning (n = 9-11), control-HS (C-HS)-offspring of standard diet fed dams who received a HS diet after weaning (n = 9-11), HS-C-offspring of HS diet fed dams who received a standard diet after weaning (n = 9-11), and HS-HS-offspring of HS diet fed dams who received a HS diet after weaning (n = 9-11). At adulthood, the male offspring performed the elevated plus maze and open field tests. At 152-day-old Wistar rats, the offspring were euthanized and the amygdala was removed for redox state analysis. The HS-HS group showed higher locomotion and rearing frequency in the open field test. These results indicate that this group developed hyperactivity. The C-HS group had a higher ratio of entries and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test in addition to a higher head-dipping frequency. These results suggest less anxiety-like behaviors. In the analysis of the redox state, less activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the amygdala were shown in the amygdala of animals that received a high-salt diet regardless of the period (pre- or postweaning). In conclusion, the high-salt diet promoted hyperactivity when administered in the pre- and postweaning periods. In animals that received only in the postweaning period, the addition of salt induced a reduction in anxiety-like behaviors. Also, regardless of the period, salt provided amygdala oxidative stress, which may be linked to the observed behaviors.

Cafeteria diet administered from lactation to adulthood promotes a change in risperidone sensitivity on anxiety, locomotion, memory, and social interaction of Wistar rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the nutritional status and behavior of animals fed a cafeteria diet from the onset of lactation after the addition of risperidone. METHODS: During the lactation period, 14 litters of Wistar rats (dam + 8 pups) were fed one of two diets: control (CTRL; n = 7) or cafeteria (CAF; n = 7). After weaning, the males were placed in individual cages, receiving the same diet as offered to their respective dams. Food and caloric intake, body weight, feed and energy efficiency, and adipose tissue weight were evaluated in the male offspring. In adulthood, they were assigned to receive treatment with saline (CTRL-S, CAF-S) or risperidone (CTRL-R, CAF-R) (n = 21 in each group). They then underwent behavioral testing, which included the elevated plus maze, open field, object recognition, and social interaction tests. Variance analysis (ANOVA) was used, followed by Newman-Keuls when p-values were < 0.05. RESULTS: The CAF group exhibited higher caloric intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, and adipose tissue than the CTRL group. The animals in the CAF group exhibited oxidative stress characteristics in the hippocampus, which may have compromised the function of this structure and promoted behavioral changes. The CAF-S group exhibited anxiety, as indicated by the greater number of entrances and time spent in the center of the open field. They also showed greater locomotion through a greater number of quadrants traveled. CAF-S animals also demonstrated memory impairments, assessed using the object recognition test, and decreased social interaction. The CAF-R group demonstrated anxiety and decreased locomotion in the open field. There was a decrease in their interaction with both objects in the object recognition test. The CAF-R group obtained greater sociability in the social interaction test. Such effects may be associated with changes in the serotonergic system of these animals. CONCLUSION: Risperidone administered to animals on a cafeteria diet led to a greater reduction in locomotion, had an anxiogenic effect, caused impaired memory, and improved social interaction.

Cafeteria diet during lactation and/or post-lactation altered lipid profile/lipid peroxidation and increased anxiety-like behavior in male rat offspring.

Objective: Evaluate the impact of the cafeteria diet during lactation and/or post-lactation on physiological parameters and anxiety in the offspring of Wistar rats. Methods: Male offspring of Wistar rats (n = 60) were randomized into four groups: Control (C), Lactation Cafeteria (LC), Post-lactation Cafeteria (PC) and Total Cafeteria (TC). Later in adult life the animals were submitted to the behavioral (elevated plus-maze and open field) and biological (body weight, consumption and food preference, glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum protein, and oxidative stress) evaluations. The data were submitted to ANOVA, followed by the Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). Results: Animals treated with the cafeteria diet presented greater weight measurements compared to the control group. Triglyceride levels were higher in the PC group than in the other groups. MDA levels were higher in the PC and TC group than CL and C. The animals of the PC and TC groups presented higher levels of anxiety compared to the C and LC groups. No significant differences due to diet were observed in the locomotor and exploratory behaviors. Conclusions: The cafeteria diet ingestion was capable of triggering biological and behavioral alterations in rats.

Feed restriction since lactation has reduced anxiety in adult Wistar rats / A restrição alimentar desde a lactação reduziu a ansiedade em ratos Wistar adultos

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effects of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate and/or lipid) in the diet of young adult (72 days) and adult (182 days) Wistar rats treated ad libitum and with 30% restriction from birth on anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. Methods We used 238 rats treated from birth, composing the groups: Control, Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Carbohydrate and Lipid, Control Restriction, Protein Restriction, Carbohydrate Restriction, Lipid Restriction and Carbohydrate and Lipid Restriction. The animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and tested in the elevated plus-maze. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, followed by the Newman-Keuls Test (p<0.05). Results Among the animals treated ad libitum, the Control, Carbohydrate plus Lipid and Lipid gained more weight than the Carbohydrate and Protein; ad libitum animals gained more weight than those on restriction; among the restrictions, Carbohydrate Restriction rats were the ones that gained less weight. Diet-restricted animals exhibited reduced first-entry latency, greater percentage of entries and time spent, frequency of open arm extremity visits, head dipping (protected and unprotected), and length of stay in the central area of the elevated plus-maze. The animals with 182 days presented greater latency for first entry, reduced frequency of false entries and visits to the ends of the open arms and protected head dipping. Conclusion Food restricted animals, regardless of the macronutrient present in the diet, were less anxious and/or increased their impulsivity and those at 182 days were more anxious and/or with reduced impulsivity.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos dos macronutrientes (proteína, carboidrato e/ou lipídeos) na alimentação de ratos Wistar adultos jovens (72 dias) e adultos (182 dias) tratados ad libitum e com restrição a 30% desde o nascimento quanto à ansiedade através do labirinto em cruz elevado. Métodos Foram utilizados 238 ratos tratados desde o nascimento, compondo os grupos Controle, Proteína, Carboidrato, Lipídeos, Carboidrato e Lipídeos, Restrição Controle, Restrição Proteína, Restrição Carboidrato, Restrição Lipídeos e Restrição Carboidrato e Lipídeos. Os animais foram pesados no início e no final do experimento e testados no labirinto em cruz elevado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, seguida do teste de Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Resultados Entre os animais tratados ad libitum, os dos grupos Controle, Carboidrato e Lipídeos, e Lipídeos ganharam mais peso do que os Carboidrato e Proteína; os ad libitum ganharam mais peso do que os de restrição; os Restrição Carboidrato foram os que ganharam menos peso. Animais alimentados com restrição de dieta apresentaram menor latência de primeira entrada, maior porcentagem de entradas e de tempo gasto, frequência de visitas às extremidades dos braços abertos, de mergulho (protegido e desprotegido) e tempo de permanência na área central do labirinto em cruz elevado. Os animais com 182 dias demonstraram maior latência para primeira entrada, menor frequência de falsas entradas e visitas às extremidades dos braços abertos e mergulho protegido. Conclusão Os animais em restrição alimentar, independentemente do macronutriente presente na dieta, foram menos ansiosos e/ou mais impulsivos, e os com 182 dias foram mais ansiosos e/ou menos impulsivos.

A single session of high-intensity interval exercise increases antioxidants defenses in the hippocampus of Wistar rats.

It is known that a single session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) contributes to the increase of the reactive species of oxygen, accompanied by a greater antioxidant activity. However, it is poorly understood if a single session of HIIE has similar effects on the brain tissue. This study evaluated the effects of a single HIIE on the hippocampal redox status. Sixteen males Wistar rats were allocated into HIIE (n = 8) and control (n = 8) groups. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was evaluated using a treadmill at 10° inclination in a metabolic chamber. HIIE group was submitted to a single run on the treadmill composed by 10 bouts of high-intensity exercise of 1 min each (85-100% of VO2max), at 28 m/min, 10° inclination, interspersed by 2 min of active recovery, at 10 m/min, with no inclination. Analysis of the redox status at the hippocampus were conducted 24 h after the HIIE session. It was not identified lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of the HIIE group (Control 1.9 ±â€¯0.31, vs HIIT 2.2 ±â€¯0.53 nmol MDA/mg protein (p > .05). However, the activity of the superoxide dismutase (Control 2.614 ±â€¯0.225 vs HIIT 3.718 ±â€¯0.4589 U/mg protein), and the non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (Control 1584 ±â€¯75.88 vs HIIT 1984 ±â€¯137.7 nM FeSO4/mg protein) were enhanced (p < .05) after the exercise session. These results indicate that the antioxidant mechanisms are enhanced even after a single session of HIIE. A single session of HIIE does not induce lipid peroxidation and improves the antioxidant defenses in Wistar rats' hippocampus.

Chemical composition and hypocholesterolemic effect of milk kefir and water kefir in Wistar rats / Composição química e efeito hipocolesterolêmico do kefir de leite e do kefir de água em ratos Wistar

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the effects of fermented kefir on the nutritional, physiological, and biochemical parameters of rats. Methods Grains of milk kefir (whole and skimmed) and water kefir (brown sugar) were used. The chemical composition analysis was performed on substrates and fermented beverages. The rats were evaluated for weight gain, body mass index, as well as their food, water, kefir, and calorie intake. We also evaluated their energy efficiency coefficient, weight of organs, in addition to their serum, and hepatic biochemistry. Results Fermentation increased the acid content index owing to degradation of lactose and brown sugar. The animals consumed more kefir, reducing the intake of chow and water. Kefir did not alter body and organ weight, while improving the lipid profile. Conclusion Water kefir with brown sugar was more effective in improving the lipid profile.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar os efeitos dos fermentados de kefir sobre parâmetros nutricionais, fisiológicos e bioquímicos de ratos. Métodos Foram utilizados grãos de kefir de leite (integral e desnatado) e de água (açúcar mascavo). A composição química foi realizada nos substratos e fermentados. Foram avaliados nos ratos: ganho de peso; índice de massa corporal; ingestão de ração, água, kefir e calorias; coeficiente de eficiência energética; peso dos órgãos; e bioquímica sérica e hepática. Resultados A fermentação elevou o índice de compostos ácidos a partir da degradação da lactose e do açúcar mascavo. Os animais consumiram mais kefir, diminuindo a ingestão de ração e água. O kefir não alterou o peso corporal e dos órgãos, melhorando ainda o perfil lipídico. Conclusão O kefir de água com açúcar mascavo foi mais eficaz na melhora do perfil lipídico.

Effects of severe caloric restriction from birth on the hearts of adult rats.

There has been increasing evidence suggesting that a severe caloric restriction (SCR) (above 40%) has beneficial effects on the hearts of rats. However, most of the reports have focused on the effects of SCR that started in adulthood. We investigated the consequences of SCR on the hearts of rats subjected to SCR since birth (CR50). From birth to the age of 3 months, CR50 rats were fed 50% of the food that the ad libitum group (AL) was fed. Thereafter, a maximal aerobic test was performed to indirectly evaluate global cardiovascular function. Indices of contractility (+dT/dt) and relaxation (-dT/dt) were analyzed in isolated heart preparation, and cardiomyocyte diameter, number, density, and myocardium collagen content were obtained through histologic analysis. Ventricular myocytes were isolated, using standard methods to evaluate phosphorylated AKT levels, and Ca(2+) handling was evaluated with a combination of Western blot analysis, intracellular Ca(2+) imaging, and confocal microscopy. CR50 rats exhibited increased aerobic performance and cardiac function, as shown by the increase in ±dT/dt. Despite the smaller cardiomyocyte diameter, CR50 rats had an increased heart-body weight ratio, increased cardiomyocyte density and number, and similar levels of myocardium collagen content, compared with AL rats. AKT was hyperphosphorylated in cardiomyocytes from CR50 rats, and there were no significant differences in Ca(2+) transient and SERCA2 levels in cardiomyocytes between CR50 and AL rats. Collectively, these observations reveal the beneficial effects of a 50% caloric restriction on the hearts of adult rats restricted since birth, which might involve cardiomyocyte AKT signaling.

Desnutrição e estresse na gestação: medidas comportamentais das mães e dos filhotes durante a lactação / Malnutrition and stress during gestation: mother and pups behavioral measures during lactation

A desnutrição e o estresse persistem como fatores sociais preocupantes e levam a alterações tanto fisiológicas quanto comportamentais. Esse trabalho visou analisar as conseqüências do estresse e da desnutrição nas interações mãe-filhotes, em ratos. Tanto o estresse quanto a desnutrição foram iniciados na gestação (13º dia), mas a desnutrição se prolongou até o final da lactação, formando os grupos: CS (controle sem estresse), CE (controle estressado), DS (desnutrido sem estresse) e DE (desnutrido estressado). As ninhadas foram filmadas em vários dias da lactação para a análise das categorias comportamentais: visita ao comedouro, ninhada separada, posição deitada e amamentação passiva e ativa. As ratas desnutridas permaneceram menos tempo na posição deitada e amamentaram por mais tempo na forma ativa do que as controle. Os filhotes desnutridos ficaram separados menos tempo, enquanto que com os controles saem e exploram mais o ambiente fora do ninho. Entretanto, não ocorreram diferenças significativas devidas ao estresse. Esses dados foram interpretados como alterações comportamentais que favorecem a sobrevivência dos filhotes desnutridos.(AU)

Malnutrition and stress persist as social problems, leading to physiological and behavioral changes. This work aims to analyze the consequences of stress and malnutrition on mother-pup interaction in rats. The stress and the malnutrition started during the gestation (day 13th), but malnutrition was prolonged until the end of the lactation. Four groups were analyzed: CS (control without stress), CE (stressed control), DS (malnourished without stress) e DE (stressed and malnourished). The litters were filmed in their home cages in order to analyze the following behavioral categories: visit to the feeding tunnel, resting position, separated litter and passive or active suckling . Malnourished pups spent more time suckling and their mothers were observed in the nest feeding the pups, more frequently than controls. The malnourished pups stayed together in the nesting area whereas control pups explored more outside of the nest. However, the stress didn’t produce significant behavioral changes. These behavioral changes are appropriated to maximizing the conditions for the survival of the malnourished pups.(AU)

Efeitos da estimulação ambiental sobre a interação mãe-filhote em animais desnutridos e eutróficos

Com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos da desnutrição e da estimulação ambiental em filhotes na interação mãe-filhote nos testes de recolhimento e labirintos em cruz elevada foram utilizados ratos wistar. A estimulação ambiental foi eficaz para alterar os comportamentos de interação mãe-filhote assim como a de rata- mãe. Os dados de alteração da interação mãe-filhote confirmam a hipótese de isolamento funcional e sugerem que esta alteração dos comportamentos maternos protege os filhotes dos efeitos da desnutrição durante a fase de lactação (AU)